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SMTP, which stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, is a standardized set of rules and procedures that govern the transmission of electronic mail (email) messages across the internet and other computer networks. It serves as the backbone of email communication, enabling the reliable and efficient exchange of messages between email clients and email servers.

Key Features and Functions:

Message Routing: SMTP is responsible for routing email messages from the sender’s email client to the recipient’s email server. It determines the best path for the message to reach its destination.

Message Relaying: SMTP servers are often organized in a hierarchical manner. When a message cannot be delivered directly to the recipient’s server, SMTP servers relay it through intermediate servers until it reaches its destination, ensuring reliable delivery.

Address Verification: SMTP checks the validity of email addresses and ensures that the recipient’s server is reachable before initiating the message transfer. This helps prevent the delivery of messages to nonexistent or unreachable addresses.

Error Handling: SMTP includes a system for reporting errors and issues encountered during the email transmission process. This allows senders and administrators to be informed about any delivery problems.

Authentication: Many SMTP servers require authentication to prevent unauthorized users from sending email through them. This helps ensure the security and integrity of email communication.